1. Put a period at the end of every sentence not signaled by a question word or intonation pattern as question or exclamation.
The carpenter has just come.
Please maintain silence inside the church.
The person speaking is my teacher.
Sometimes, the sentence intonation justifies the use of a period with a word or words constituting less than a complete grammatical sentence.
No, ma'am.
Thanks.
Never.
Especially in business correspondence, a request in the form of a question may be followed by a period instead of a question mark. Spoken, such a request has a falling intonation pattern.
May we request your good office to conduct an investigation regarding this matter.
2. Use three periods in a row, called an ellipsis, to show omission within a quoted passage.
Never forget to check the gas .... the door lock ....
The second ellipsis of three periods is followed by another period to indicate the end of the sentence.
3. Use periods for abbreviations.
E.A. Poe was a great poet and short-story writer.
4. Don't use periods for abbreviations that are commonly used.
USA
5. In Britain, periods are omitted but in American-oriented Englishes the periods are retain for the following examples.
Dr.
Mr.
Ms.
6. A period used for an abbreviation can be followed by any other punctuation mark except by another period.
The C.T., having no choice at all, submitted to the request.
The request was granted by the C.T.
7. Periods are also used for decimals, for cents when the currency sign is present and for parts or divisions of books and other printed materials.
1.3%
Php4.5
Genesis 4.7
Showing posts with label Purely Grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Purely Grammar. Show all posts
Proper Uses of the Question Mark [?]
1. Use the question mark at the end of a sentence asking a question.
A question can be signaled by a wh- word: What are you doing?
A question can be signaled by an inverted word order: Is that you?
A question can be signaled by a rising intonaton: Harry won the lottery?
2. Use the question mark after groups of words used as questions.
So what?
By the bridge?
3. Use a question mark to indicate doubt about something.
He was born in B.C. 723(?)
4. Put question marks inside quoted questions and outside if the quoted part is a part of a non-question clause.
"Where is it?"
Who said "I'm in"?
5. Use only one question mark for a quoted question.
Did she say, "Where is Mark?"
6. If the quoted question is followed by another sentence, don't use any other punctuation.
Christ said, "Oh, yea of little faith!" This marveled them.
A question can be signaled by a wh- word: What are you doing?
A question can be signaled by an inverted word order: Is that you?
A question can be signaled by a rising intonaton: Harry won the lottery?
2. Use the question mark after groups of words used as questions.
So what?
By the bridge?
3. Use a question mark to indicate doubt about something.
He was born in B.C. 723(?)
4. Put question marks inside quoted questions and outside if the quoted part is a part of a non-question clause.
"Where is it?"
Who said "I'm in"?
5. Use only one question mark for a quoted question.
Did she say, "Where is Mark?"
6. If the quoted question is followed by another sentence, don't use any other punctuation.
Christ said, "Oh, yea of little faith!" This marveled them.
What Are the Proper Uses of the Exclamation Mark [!]
1. Exclamation marks are put after heavily-stressed, usually high-pitched sentences, clauses, phrases, words or interjections.
The rain is coming!
If you wish!
In the bag!
Car!
Wow!
2. Exclamation marks are inside quoted exclamations and outside when the quoted part is only a part of a non-exclamation.
I said, "I love you"!
The robber came and said, "Give that to me!"
3. Exclamation marks at the end of sentences should not be followed with other any other punctuation mark.
The leader shouted, "Go!" This is why all of them came and rushed.
4. Exclamation marks can be followed by a comma if not at the end of the sentence.
"Come!," said the driver.
5. Exclamation marks can substitute commas or semicolon when needed.
The dancers shouted words like, "Fight!" "Go!" "Move!"
The rain is coming!
If you wish!
In the bag!
Car!
Wow!
2. Exclamation marks are inside quoted exclamations and outside when the quoted part is only a part of a non-exclamation.
I said, "I love you"!
The robber came and said, "Give that to me!"
3. Exclamation marks at the end of sentences should not be followed with other any other punctuation mark.
The leader shouted, "Go!" This is why all of them came and rushed.
4. Exclamation marks can be followed by a comma if not at the end of the sentence.
"Come!," said the driver.
5. Exclamation marks can substitute commas or semicolon when needed.
The dancers shouted words like, "Fight!" "Go!" "Move!"
What Are Helping Verbs?
A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HELPING VERBS
by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
Many people, especially ESL/EFL learners, find it hard to determine what a LINKING VERB really is and what its differences from a HELPING VERB are. As an English teacher, I always encounter this question and, somehow, found a good way of explaining it. I'd like to post it here to help other people with their study or presentation.
LINKING VERBS ARE, simply, VERBS THAT LINK. Observe the following sentences:
SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS do NOT always follow the verb. Notice the following sentence.
Now let's talk about VERBS. Helping verbs are verbs that help. In this case of verbs, they don't help the elderly but other verbs. Now, here comes the question: how can helping verbs help other verbs? Observe the following sentences:
Now, how can we explain about HELPING VERBS? Observe the following tenses embedded within the above sentences.
There are a lot more helping verbs like, will, might, should must, could, etc. but they fall under a special category called MODALS.
by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
Many people, especially ESL/EFL learners, find it hard to determine what a LINKING VERB really is and what its differences from a HELPING VERB are. As an English teacher, I always encounter this question and, somehow, found a good way of explaining it. I'd like to post it here to help other people with their study or presentation.
LINKING VERBS ARE, simply, VERBS THAT LINK. Observe the following sentences:
The buildings are majestic.
Dumbledore is a professor.Notice that the verbs link the left side to the right side of the sentences. The left side tells something about the right and the other way around. Also, notice that the words after the LINKING VERBS are nouns or adjectives. These are called SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS.
SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS do NOT always follow the verb. Notice the following sentence.
Dangerous are the Death Eaters.- - - - -
Now let's talk about VERBS. Helping verbs are verbs that help. In this case of verbs, they don't help the elderly but other verbs. Now, here comes the question: how can helping verbs help other verbs? Observe the following sentences:
Hermione is creating a polyjuice potion.
Ron has been drinking a liquid luck.Surely, "creating a polyjuice potion" does not describe Hermione even if others would contend that "creating" can be a participial-adjective. Also, "drinking a liquid luck" can't mean anything ABOUT Ron but, of course, it means something about what he is doing.
Now, how can we explain about HELPING VERBS? Observe the following tenses embedded within the above sentences.
Hermione is creating a polyjuice potion.[In this sentence, the tense of the verb is simple progressive. This means present + ING-form. One verb cannot contain two tenses in the same time in the English language. See the example below:]
Hermione *createsing* a polyjuice potion.[Now, anyone would agree that the above sentence is heavily nonsensical. Here is where the helping verbs enter the scene. They carry the excess tense to relieve other verbs from much burden. Imagine tenses as cargoes and verbs as individual cargo-carriers.]
Ron has been drinking a liquid luck.[In this sentence, the tense of the verb is present prefect-progressive. This means simple + past participle + ING-form. As I have mentioned earlier, one verb cannot contain two tenses in the same time in the English language. See the example below:]
Ron *dranksing* a liquid luck.[Applying all the things I said a while ago, the sentence should be:]
Ron has been drinking a liquid luck.- - - - -
There are a lot more helping verbs like, will, might, should must, could, etc. but they fall under a special category called MODALS.
A Simple Discussion on Limiting Adjectives by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
WHAT ARE LIMITING ADJECTIVES?
The dictionary is the bible of English teachers and the eight parts of speech are like the ten commandments. In order not to be confused, an English teacher must be able to master these parts of speech for they constitute all sentences made and they are the foundation for a deeper understanding of syntax and semantics.
One of the things that aren't too easy to master is adjectives. We use adjectives everyday and adjectives are the only rescue we have to lengthen a struggling 500-word essay or to beautify a simple prayer with.
ADJECTIVES are words that limit, specify, modify and describe nouns. It could also be said that adjectives answer the questions: 1. What kind of? 2. In what number? 3. How many? 4. Which one? Observe the following examples.
Adjectives are very easily determined in these examples but this time, we are going to focus on LIMITING ADJECTIVES. There are two major types of adjectives -- limiting and descriptive.
LIMITING ADJECTIVES are adjectives that limit, specify or lessen the expectation from the noun being talked about. LIMITING ADJECTIVES are also called determiners. Under LIMITING ADJECTIVES we have the following:
1. ARTICLES -- A, AN & THE
Now, we all now how to A and AN distinctively. We all know that we use A to precede words with initial consonant sounds and AN to precede word with initial vowel sounds. A and AN are also called indefinite articles since they do not make definite or specify as something already known the noun spoken about unlike THE which is a definite article. Observe the sentences below.
In the first sentence, we don't know which car we are talking about. We don't know if it is a car we know or someone else's car. While, in the second sentence, we are sure that the car we are talking about is that which was already mentioned or which is already known to both the interlocutors.
Little do we know that the definite article, THE, has a special power of specifying the context of the sentence. Observe the sentences below.
The first sentence would mean that the subject has done an offense and must be detained, confined or incarcerated while the second sentence, because of the definite article, THE, only means that she went there to visit.
2. NUMBER ADJECTIVE -- CARDINAL & ORDINAL
CARDINAL adjectives tell about how many the nouns are while ORDINAL adjectives talks about the order of number the nouns are. See the examples below.
They are the twelve apostles. -- cardinal
The first pope is Jesus. -- ordinal
* Limiting adjectives or determiners are only limited to three.
The first four men came and died.
The dictionary is the bible of English teachers and the eight parts of speech are like the ten commandments. In order not to be confused, an English teacher must be able to master these parts of speech for they constitute all sentences made and they are the foundation for a deeper understanding of syntax and semantics.
One of the things that aren't too easy to master is adjectives. We use adjectives everyday and adjectives are the only rescue we have to lengthen a struggling 500-word essay or to beautify a simple prayer with.
ADJECTIVES are words that limit, specify, modify and describe nouns. It could also be said that adjectives answer the questions: 1. What kind of? 2. In what number? 3. How many? 4. Which one? Observe the following examples.
The Math teacher lead the singing of the national anthem this morning.The first man in the moon was Neil Armstrong.Four great novels were written by Mark Twain.The elder wand was taken by Voldemort.
Adjectives are very easily determined in these examples but this time, we are going to focus on LIMITING ADJECTIVES. There are two major types of adjectives -- limiting and descriptive.
LIMITING ADJECTIVES are adjectives that limit, specify or lessen the expectation from the noun being talked about. LIMITING ADJECTIVES are also called determiners. Under LIMITING ADJECTIVES we have the following:
1. ARTICLES -- A, AN & THE
Now, we all now how to A and AN distinctively. We all know that we use A to precede words with initial consonant sounds and AN to precede word with initial vowel sounds. A and AN are also called indefinite articles since they do not make definite or specify as something already known the noun spoken about unlike THE which is a definite article. Observe the sentences below.
A car was hit.The car was hit.
In the first sentence, we don't know which car we are talking about. We don't know if it is a car we know or someone else's car. While, in the second sentence, we are sure that the car we are talking about is that which was already mentioned or which is already known to both the interlocutors.
Little do we know that the definite article, THE, has a special power of specifying the context of the sentence. Observe the sentences below.
She went to jail.She went to the jail.
The first sentence would mean that the subject has done an offense and must be detained, confined or incarcerated while the second sentence, because of the definite article, THE, only means that she went there to visit.
2. NUMBER ADJECTIVE -- CARDINAL & ORDINAL
CARDINAL adjectives tell about how many the nouns are while ORDINAL adjectives talks about the order of number the nouns are. See the examples below.
They are the twelve apostles. -- cardinal
The first pope is Jesus. -- ordinal
* Limiting adjectives or determiners are only limited to three.
The first four men came and died.
Three (3) Positions of Adjectives in Sentences by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
Last time, we had good discussions about adjectives. Adjectives are really good topics especially for EFL/ESL students. Unfortunately, not all are aware that there are three positions of adjectives. Knowing these positions will broaden our understanding about adjectives and will make talk more flavorful.
Since English is an influx of many languages, characteristics of other languages influenced English a lot. One of these influences is the way we position adjectives in our sentences.
POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES
Since English is an influx of many languages, characteristics of other languages influenced English a lot. One of these influences is the way we position adjectives in our sentences.
POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES
1. Substantive -- Shakespeare was one of the persons who dared to prove that the tongue is superior than the language. He coined many words and extended the meaning of existing words. One of these extensions is the conversion of nouns to verbs and adjectives to nouns. Because of the flexibility of classifications of words, practically, adjectives also become nouns. Nouns are also called substantives. Substantive adjectives are those which act as nouns. They act as collective nouns.
The meek shall inherit the Earth.
The unjust are to be thrown in the lake of fire.
Notice that the words MEEK and UNJUST refer to all who are meek and all who are unjust.
2. Attributive -- Attributive position is the most common position for adjectives. Attributive adjectives precede the noun which is to be modified. This is the basic this EFL/ESL students learn and mark in their minds. That's why they end up thinking that adjectives always precede the noun. Observe the examples below.
The creative sculpture gained many praises.
The elder wand was taken by Voldemort.
Notice that the word CREATIVE modifies the word sculpture and the word ELDER describes the word wand.
3. POST-POSITIVE -- Many years ago, Latin, French and English are the commonly used languages. Latin was the language of the Church; French, the nobles, and; English, the commoners. French and Latin had had a lot of influences on English. One of these influences is the use of adjectives after the noun. These kinds of adjectives are called POST-POSITIVE ADJECTIVES. Take the following examples.
The God Almighty has given His grace.
For time immemorial, writing has been a means of communication and war.
In the first sentence, the word ALMIGHTY is the adjective which talks about God. It describes Him. In the second sentence, IMMEMORIAL describes how long the word TIME refers to.
* Post-positive adjectives are common in sentences having S-V-IO-C patterns.
* Post-positive adjectives are common in sentences having S-V-IO-C patterns.
A Discussion on Descriptive Adjective by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
The dictionary is the bible of English teachers and the eight parts of speech are like the ten commandments. In order not to be confused, an English teacher must be able to master these parts of speech for they constitute all sentences made and they are the foundation for a deeper understanding of syntax and semantics.
One of the things that aren't too easy to master is adjectives. We use adjectives everyday and adjectives are the only rescue we have to lengthen a struggling 500-word essay or to beautify a simple prayer with.
***
The Math teacher lead the singing of the national anthem this morning.
The first man in the moon was Neil Armstrong.
Four great novels were written by Mark Twain.
The elder wand was taken by Voldemort.
***
Last time, we discussed limiting adjectives and now, we're going to focus on descriptive adjectives. There are two major types of adjectives -- limiting and descriptive. Descriptive adjectives are very common. They describe.
As a review, ADJECTIVES are words that modify, limit, specify or describe the meaning of a noun. ADJECTIVES are describing words. It could also be said that adjectives answer the questions: 1. What kind of? 2. In what number? 3. How many? 4. Which one?
KINDS OF DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
1. COMMON DESCRIPTIONS
Well, these are all the words that you could basically think of when asked what adjectives are and its examples.
The sky is blue.
The building is high.
The cat is happy.
(Pretty convincing examples, ey? Makes sense, ey?)
2. NOUNS
Now, nouns can also become adjectives but there are two types of nouns acting as adjectives. First is noun adjuncts and the second is noun compounds.
NOUN ADJUNCTS are nouns attached to other nouns to act as adjectives. In this case, both the words describe the meaning referred to.
Student-assistant: a student-assistant is a student and an assistant.
Student-teacher: a student-teacher is a student and a teacher.
Pet dog: a pet dog is a pet and a dog.
On the other hand, NOUN COMPOUNDS are two nouns describing different meanings combined to form a single idea.
Keyboard: this word is from the two nouns, key and board.
Armchair: from nouns, arm and chair.
Wristwatch: from nouns, wrist and watch.
I'd like to say that the words blackboard, smartphone and sweetheart are NOT noun compounds. When we say noun compounds, it means that there are more than one nouns. The words above are combinations of genuine adjectives and nouns.
The reason for the occurrence of these words is that they were separated words before and after long and repeated use, they were solidified. We have two types of words, as far as I can remember: separated; hyphenated, and; solid.
The words blackboard, smartphone, sweetheart and the like may be compound words but they aren't compound nouns.
* Nouns acting as adjectives and modifying another noun may also be modified by way of hyphenated adjectival nouns. Refer to the examples below.
The car is in left-hand drive.
I wanted to have a four-wheel vehicle.
The four-wall prison he refers to is the classroom.
3. VERB FORMS
We also use verbs as adjectives and we use two forms: the past form and the progressive form.
Verbs in the past PAST FORM are used as adjectives in the following examples.
The unseen creature lurk in the dark.
The blessed saint gave a miracle.
The wounded soldier fought until the end.
Verbs in the past PAST FORM are used as adjectives in the following examples.
The unseen creature lurk in the dark.
The blessed saint gave a miracle.
The wounded soldier fought until the end.
Verbs in the PROGRESSIVE FORM are used as adjectives in the following examples.
The coming month is full of festivities.
The sleeping dog woke up when the bell rang.
The people were mesmerized by the singing bird.
The sleeping dog woke up when the bell rang.
The people were mesmerized by the singing bird.
24 Kinds of Verb Use in the English Language
Basically, there are only two (2) tenses of verbs: past and present. The future tense, with which we are all familiar, is just an aspect of verbs. There is no such thing as future-tense verb in the English structure. We can only say ate, eat and eating for the base verb eat. Aside from those three, we don't have anything more and they do not speak of anything about the future; just history (ate) and the time being (eat and eating).
***
We also have two voices of verbs: the active and the passive voice. The active voice focuses the spot light over the doer of the action verb while the passive voice gives the floor to the object or the receiver of the action. To put it in a smaller box, look at the subject of the sentence. Did the action come from the subject? If yes, then that is an active sentence. Look again. Did the subject receive the action? If yes, then that is a passive sentence.
***
Finally,verbs also have aspects: simple, simple-progressive, perfect, perfect-progressive and modal aspect.
The simple and the simple-progressive aspects denote that the action may either have been done already, done habitually or done naturally. Simple-progressive is more specific in time than the simple aspect. Notice the following sentences:
I eat cookies. (Natural)
I eat cookies everyday. (Habitual)
I ate cookies. (Done)
The perfect and perfect-progressive aspects talk of completion. They put a bracket between two periods of time. In these aspects, actions/verbs can be (#1) done from a point in time to another point in time until they were stopped or (#2) done from a point in time and is still continued until the present time. Notice the following sentences:
I had been eating cookies for two years until I came to know that they unhealthy.
I have been eating cookies for five years now.
The modal aspect gives verbs their degree of probability. This is why we were taught about the future tense of verbs during basic education years. Since we talk of probability with the modal aspect, the verb is more likely not yet performed.
Modals differ in probability. Notice the difference between "I may let you in" and "I will let you in." The first sentence gives a 60%-70% probability while the other one gives an assurance.
***
Putting together the tenses, the voices and the aspects, we will arrive to twenty-four use or kinds of use of verbs in English. Please take note that these aren't tenses since we only have two tenses. Future is only an aspect because the future may not come.
***
ACTIVE simple past
ACTIVE simple present
ACTIVE simple future
ACTIVE simple-progressive past
ACTIVE simple-progressive present
ACTIVE simple-progressive future
ACTIVE perfect past
ACTIVE perfect present
ACTIVE perfect future
ACTIVE perfect-progressive past
ACTIVE perfect-progressive present
ACTIVE perfect-progressive future
EAT
|
ACTIVE
| ||
PAST
|
PRESENT
|
FUTURE
| |
Simple
|
I ate the apple.
|
I eat apples.
|
I will eat apple.
|
Simple Progressive
|
I was eating the apple.
|
I am eating the apple.
|
I will be eating the apple.
|
Perfect
|
I had eaten apple.
|
I have eaten apple.
|
I will have eaten apple.
|
Perfect Progressive
|
I had been eating apple.
|
I have been eating apple.
|
I will have been eating apple.
|
***
PASSIVE simple past
PASSIVE simple present
PASSIVE simple future
PASSIVE simple-progressive past
PASSIVE simple-progressive present
PASSIVE simple-progressive future
PASSIVE perfect past
PASSIVE perfect present
PASSIVE perfect future
PASSIVE perfect-progressive past
PASSIVE perfect-progressive present
PASSIVE perfect-progressive future
EAT
|
PASSIVE
| ||
PAST
|
PRESENT
|
FUTURE
| |
Simple
|
The apple was eaten.
|
The apple is eaten.
|
The apple will be eaten.
|
Simple Progressive
|
The apple was being eaten.
|
The apple is being eaten.
|
The apple will be being eaten.
|
Perfect
|
The apple had been eaten.
|
The apple have been eaten.
|
The apple will have been eaten.
|
Perfect Progressive
|
The apple had been being eaten.
|
The apple have been being eaten.
|
The apple will have been being eaten.
|
Understanding Prepositional Phrases: A Simple Discussion by Mark Angelo S. dela Peña
There are, generally, three groups of words in the English language. These are phrases, clauses and sentences. In a hierarchy, sentences are the highest due to their syntactic and semantic superiority. Following sentences are clauses which are only a level lower than the former. Finally, we have phrases, the otherwise elliptical but nevertheless, essential group of words.
This time, let's discuss prepositional phrases. Below is a list of phrases that are to be discussed in the following paragraphs:
1. Adjectival Phrases
2. Adverbial Phrases
It must be pointed out that prepositional phrases are divided into two categories: adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases. Adjectival phrases are phrases which act as modifiers for nouns and adverbial phrases are phrases which act as modifiers for verbs.
Understanding this better requires us to know that a prepositional phrase is composed of at least two parts: the preposition and the object. The object of the preposition is usually a noun or any noun form.
To begin with, let's first discuss how phrases are defined. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of the English Language, a phrase is "a group of two or more words that express a single idea but do not usually form a complete sentence." This is a little bit confusing since using this definition makes a clause a phrase.
To make it clearer, just remember that a sentence is a group of words without a subject, without a predicate and without a complete thought. I understand that this definition is still not enough for one to really grasp what a phrase is so let's get on with the examples of each of the kinds listed above.
ADJECTIVAL PHRASES
As was mentioned above, adjectival phrases are phrases which act as modifiers for nouns. Also, as a prepositional phrase, adjectival phrases should start with prepositions line in, to, at, beside, etc.
Simply put, adjectival phrases are groups of words, led by a preposition, which acts as adjectives. Here is an example:
The woman in blue shirt is the owner of the lost wallet.
Have you seen the prepositional phrase in the above example? Not yet? Well, there are two, actually. We have "in blue shirt" and "of the lost wallet." To identify that the prepositional phrases we've found are actually adjectival phrases, let's ask the question "Which one?" or "What kind of?"
Moreover, to identify whether there are adjectival phrases in a given example, pick out a noun and ask, "Which (noun)?" or "What kind of (noun)," the answer will probably be an adjective if there's an adjective there and if the answer is a prepositional phrases, viola, you have an adjectival phrase.
Remember that adjectives are words that modify nouns. This means that they lessen the possible coverage of the word being modified. This is the same way adjectival phrases work.
In the example we have above, "woman" and "owner" are very broad terms. Googling the term "woman" in Google.com returns about 1,160,000,000 results. In the like manner, "owner" returns 1,270,000,000 results.
However, if we add the adjectival phrases, modifying the terms, we only get 563,000,000 results for "woman in blue shirt" and only 203,000,000 for "owner of the lost wallet."
"In blue shirt" tells us which woman the speaker is referring to and "of the lost wallet" tells us which owner.
ADVERBIAL PHRASES
As was also mentioned above, adverbial phrases are phrases which modify verbs. Also, as prepositional phrases, adverbial phrases start with prepositions.
Simply put, adverbial phrases are groups of words, lead by a preposition, which tell us how the verb was done or the impact of the verb. Here is an example:
The dancer moved with style and the audience watched in awe.
In the above example, the adverbial phrases we have are "with style" and "in awe."
To identify whether there is or there is not an adverbial phrase in a given example, pick out a verb and ask "He (verb) in what manner?" or "How did he (verb)?" The answer will probably be an adverb if there's an adverb in the example and if it's a prepositional phrase, there you have an adverbial phrase.
Remember that adverbs, aside from verbs, also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Take the following for example:
The chicken my mother cooked is delicious to the bones.
They fought very violently beyond human tolerance.
To identify whether or not we have an adverbial phrase in the first example, let's pick out an adjective and ask the question "How (adjective)?" Using the adjective of the first example, we can ask "How delicious was the chicken" and the answer is "to the bones," a prepositional, adverbial phrase.
violently did they fight?" and the answer is "beyond human tolerance," a prepositional, adverbial phrase.
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