Parts of the Editorial Page of a Newspaper

CAMPUS JOURNALISM

Whatever the type of paper it is, the parts and sections are traditionally similar to one another. We have four major sections of a newspaper (most commonly of campus papers): front page; editorial page; sports page, and; special features. Each section is divided into parts.

PARTS OF THE EDITORIAL PAGE 

Folio: A folio usually contains the page number, the date of publication and the name of the newspaper. (The name of the newspaper can also be found in the front page but it is intentionally reprinted in the editorial page and other special pages.) 

Masthead: The masthead is the editorial box containing the logo of the newspaper, names and positions of the staff, subscription rate, the publisher and other pertinent information about the newspaper. 

Logo (Logotype): The logo or the logotype is seen in the masthead. This contains identifying word or words or symbols such of the newspaper or of the name of the section of the newspaper. 

Editorial Proper: The editorial proper is the commentary made by any of the editors (usually, of the editor-in-chief) on any subject. It is the stand of the paper for the day. 

Editorial Column: Editorial columns are special types of columns intended and reserved for the writing editor. Like the editorial proper, it can deal with various topics and it is where the paper establishes its stand. 

Editorial Cartoon: The editorial cartoon stands by itself. This means that it is an editorial proper or news by itself. It does not have to have any relationship with the editorial column of with the editorial proper. It is usually an exaggerated cartoon intended to be so to create humor. It deals with a simple point which is usually concerned with the current hottest issue. 

Editorial Liner: The editorial liner is simply a line of quotations or message placed below the editorial proper or column. Letter to the Editor: This part is like a transparent mailbox of the newspaper containing a message from the reader sharing his own perspectives.

Parts of the Front Page of a Newspaper

CAMPUS JOURNALISM

Whatever the type of paper it is, the parts and sections are traditionally similar to one another. We have four major sections of a newspaper (most commonly of campus papers): front page; editorial page; sports page, and; special features. Each section is divided into parts.

PARTS OF THE FRONT PAGE

Local News: Local News is news that took place inside the country. (This must not be confused with provincial or regional news. Local News is concerned with what is happening in the Philippines, for example, as a whole while provincial or regional news usually give news concerning a more specific area.)

Foreign News: Foreign News is news that took place outside the country. (This must not be confused with Dateline News. Foreign News is that which concerns the global community or that which happened outside the Philippines, for example, but the information there in concerns the people in the Philippines – i.e. the release of iPhone 5 or the rocket launch from North Korea).

Dateline News: Dateline news is a news story which is usually out-of-town. This doesn’t necessarily need to be concerned with the reporting country but they are published for some informative and entertainment purposes. Dateline News is usually introduce by a dateline stating the country the place story was taken from, the date and the source of the material if it wasn't written originally by the newspaper staff (i.e. Tokyo, Japan, October 19 – Tokyo News…).

Weather News: Weather News is usually a boxed forecast/prediction from reliable sources (usually mentioned). Weather News includes the place where a specific weather activity is occurring, the temperature, wind directions, velocities, alerts, etc. Deeper news about the weather (i.e. storm signals and announcements, evacuation, relief operations, retrieval operations and search and rescue operation coverage and the like) are discussed as news stories.

Index: An Index is a slug line indicating an important inside page story and the page number where it can be found. Indices usually contain hottest issues and stories in a particular area, exclusive interviews, exclusive coverage and the like).

Other Thing Found in Front Pages:

i. Nameplate: The nameplate is the engraved or printed name or logo/symbol of the newspaper.

ii. Ears: Ears are little boxes in either or both sides of the nameplate. Ears usually contain advertisements or announcements.

iii. Banner (Head): The banner is the principal headline which is usually written in the boldest and biggest font. It is the title of the most important news of the day (for dailies). This most important news is called banner news.

iv. Running Head: The running head is a type of head having two or more lines.

v. Headline: Headline refers to any title of any news. Thus, the title of any news in any part of a newspaper is called headline.

vi. Deck: A deck is a subordinate headline or head which is immediately placed below its mother head to give more information about it.

vii. Lead: Lead refers to the beginning of a news story. This means that a lead could be a word, a phrase, a sentence or even a paragraph.

viii. News Story: The news story is the whole story or a part of the whole story about the news which is composed of the lead and the text supporting and elaborating the lead.

ix. Columns: Columns are columns in a newspaper. They are horizontal divisions of the parts or texts of a newspaper.

x. Column Rules: Column rules are vertical lines that indicate the divisions of the columns. In modern journalism, these lines are substituted with a space (a blank column rule). Space column rules or more formally known as sunken rules are usually one em wide.

xi. Fold: Folds are imaginary horizontal lines that divide the paper equally into two.

xii. Byline: A byline is the signature, name or pseudonym of the reporter who prepared the news. They can me seen in various forms: - Mark dela Peña; by Mark dela Peña; (Mark dela Peña), or; - Mad Pen.

xiii. Box: Any news material enclosed by line rules is a box. In this case, ears are special types of boxes because they are specially named because of their position.

xiv. Cut (Cliché): The cut is a metal plate bearing the newspaper’s illustration.

xv. Cutline: A cutline is the text accompanying photos or other art works. The cutline is commonly known as caption. If the text shows above the photo, it is called overline.

xvi. Overline: Overline is a type of cutline written or shown above the photo.

xvii. Kicker: A kicker is a tagline above but smaller than the headline. It gives stimulating but small details about the headline and this is why it is also called teaser.

xviii. Hammer: A hammer is a type of kicker but the difference is that a hammer is bigger than the headline.

xix. Credit Line: A credit line is a line given as a pay of respect to the source of the story or illustration printed. This is done usually for stories or illustrations imported or borrowed from other printed materials or people. The difference of a byline from a credit line is that a byline is usually a name, signature or pseudonym of the reporter within the newspaper staff but a credit line is used for those which are borrowed or imported. Thus, foreign news and dateline news often have credit lines.

A Comparison of National & Campus Newspapers

NATIONAL AND CAMPUS PAPERS COMPARED

As a part of my review in Journalism, I have to know the comparison between national and campus papers.

***

A newspaper is a publication sold and distributed regularly in a fixed interval. It may be monthly, bi-monthly, weekly, daily, etc. and this is because of the fact that newspapers fall under the category “periodicals.” Usually, news in newspapers is meant to be persuasive and this is why some news includes opinions and comments that stimulate reactions from the readers. Another latent function of newspapers is to entertain by the use of photos, cartoons, quizzes and other interesting features.

While papers published everyday are called dailies, we call those which are published weekly weeklies. National papers are widely available and easily bought.

National papers fall under two categories: the popular paper and the heavy or quality papers. Popular papers present their news in a lively fashion with easy-to-read articles and many photographs. Heavy or quality papers are printed with longer articles stressing on important and serious events in the country.

Some newspaper publishers produce Sunday papers sometimes, with the same nameplate as the daily papers. These are not Sunday editions of the dailies but instead, they are of different editors and editorial staff. The reason behind this is the availability of more people to read during Sundays. The price of the Sunday paper tends to be higher than the regular paper but it contains more news.

Scope and Functions of Journalism, Campus Journalism

Scope of Journalism

There are three major divisions of journalism: written journalism, oral journalism and visual journalism. News papers and magazines fall under written journalism and are classified as periodicals. Periodicals are publications released in regular intervals: bi-monthly, monthly, weekly, etc.

A newspaper, compared to the magazine, prints more news and has no special cover. Newspapers are printed in paper called newsprint. News is printed all over the newspaper having the hottest news in the front page.

A magazine, on the other hand, has a special cover and prints less news but more human interest stories and features. Magazines are printed in book paper and if ever a magazine contains news, it’s brief, summarized and can only be found in side pages.

Periodicals, journals, books, graphic media and brochures are under print media. Radio falls under oral journalism and while television, movies and documentaries are under oral-visual journalism.

Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and documentaries are examples of film media.

Functions of Campus Papers

A campus paper may be mimeographed or printed published or released by an organization or school whose name or logo appears in the masthead or in the editorial box.

The campus paper like any other media has functions.

AID TO STUDENTS

a.      Provides opportunity for interesting writing.

b.      Gives students the opportunity to learn how to read the newspapers.

c.       Acts as stimulus to better work.

d.      Develops students’ power of observation and discrimination concerning relative merits of news articles.

e.      Serves as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing.

f.        Offers training in organizations, business methods, commercial arts, salesmanship, bookkeeping and business management.

g.      Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance, responsibility and leadership.

AID TO SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY

a.      Informs the community of the work of the school.

b.      Publishes school news.

c.       Creates and expresses school opinions.

d.      Makes known the achievements of the school.

e.      Helps unify the school.

f.        Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities.

g.      Develops right standard of conduct.

h.      Provides and outlet for students’ suggestions for the betterment of the school.

i.        Develops better interschool relationship.

j.        Develops school spirit.

k.      Develops cooperation between the parents and the school.

The campus paper also has these following functions:

INFORMATION FUNCTION: This is the news functions of the campus paper: to inform. Since information dissemination is the maid purpose of the campus paper, this is the function most likely performed by any campus paper. It gives the readers information concerning the things around the community and within the school.

OPINION FUNCTION: Through the editorials and editorial columns, the editor has the chance to post his opinion regarding current events inside the school and the community. The main purpose for this is to persuade to reader toward a certain point of view.

EDUCATION FUNCTION: Tabooed topics such as sex, sex education, family planning and the like are extensively and intensively discussed by writers of campus papers. This is one of the most important functions of the campus paper: to educate.

WATCHDOG FUNCTION: The school paper serves as an eye for the readers to see what is happening in the school and to guard the right of the young ones.

LABORATORY FUNCTION: It serves as the teaching tool for budding journalists. Neophytes pattern their new experience from the existing and past papers.

DOCUMENTATION FUNCTION: Important school events and worthwhile student accomplishments and achievements are recorded in the campus paper for posterity’s sake. Most present day stories are researched from old newspapers.

ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION: The school paper, like an interesting book, keeps the reader company especially when he is alone. Most human interest stories are stimulating to read.

DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION: In developing a country like the Philippines, scholastic and commercial journalism has been given greater and nobler significance. The sources of new journalists are school also. Journalists in campus publications are most likely to be the journalists of the future. The young journalist whose news deals with club activities, school elections and campus activities will eventually become a better one whose news deal with activities of the nation, national elections and national concerns. The developmental function of the campus paper doesn't only have implications on the young one himself but also on the school as a whole. School administrators and staff may reflect their performance on the school paper and see what improvements must be done.

What Is Campus Journalism?

It had been a long and laborious semester for me and, as I believe, for other students. After two weeks, we will be facing another semester of brain brawls and nerve fights.

I checked my university check-list and I saw that we will be having two JOURNALISM courses this coming semester, one being a general education course and the other, a major subject.

As I usually do before I plunge myself into a new set of subjects, I see to it that I get an overview or a full grasp, if possible, of all the subjects that I will take. This time I decided to start it with JOURNALISM.

As it would probably be, we'll take JOURNALISM in general and then, Campus Journalism as our main focus. This is because we are education students.

I'll be posting more about JOURNALISM after this.

***

To begin with (cliche), let's define Journalism and get to know more about it in surface.

Journalism is defined as the collection, preparation and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts and e-mail. Originally, the term refers to news and current events printed in newspapers or any such form but due to the advent of technology (radio, television, internet, etc.) in the 20th century the term broadened until it arrived at its current meaning.

The term traces its origin from the Anglo-French word jurnal (daily) and the Latin word diurnalis (of the day). 

It must also be noted that the earliest known publication of journalistic nature is the Acta Diurna from ancient Rome. It was believed to have been published in the 59th century and continued to be published daily since then.The Acta Diurna contained recorded important political and social events and was hung in prominent places to be read by people.

In China, a circulation was published by the court to serve as report issued to government officials called bao (report). This publication which started from the Tang Dynasty continued to be published in various forms and names until the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. There was a time when the bao was said to have been published in all villages, not only for government officials, for public dissemination. 

The first published newspapers were seen in German cities and in Antwerp about 1609. The first English news paper, The Weekly Newes, was published in 1622. One of the first daily newspapers, The Daily Courant, appeared in 1702.

***

Since the school, in a pragmatic view, is a miniature of the outside, it has to imitate what really is happening in the real world, to bring it closer to the learners and to train them in their social functions and interactions in the future.

This is why we have school elections and student governments. We train the young ones about leadership, suffrage and responsibility. This is also the reason why we force uniforms in secondary schools. We train them about formality and professionalism.

Considering all the examples mentioned above, it is but fair to train them about freedom of expression and right to information. This is why we have Campus Journalism. We train the young ones of the art of politics: to criticize what is inefficient and to suggest improvements. We train them about their rights to express themselves in media or in ways not threatening to national security and progress. We train them that all people have rights to be informed of what is happening around their concerns.

Above all these, through Campus Journalism, we train the young ones about honesty, integrity, loyalty and fairness. They learn how to be involved and productive for the society.

Campus Journalism: Sports Page & Special Features

SPORTS PAGE 

Stories about sports are news. Sports pages contain commentaries and sports features. This may also include some special feature like exclusive interview of a sports personality or a column of a boxing commentator (whatever). 

SPECIAL FEATURES 

Through the long evolution of the newspaper some features were taken out and newer interesting ones are injected. An example of an obsolete feature taken out was the society page. 

There are, now, existing features that are very common to newspapers. These include: Life and Leisure, Business and Finance, Classified Ads, Television Guides, Comics, Puzzles (crossword, Sudoku, etc.), Radio Guides, etc.

The Birth of High School Papers (Campus Papers) in the Philippines

Student publication was just considered as an ordinary extracurricular activity until the Philippines adopted it from the Americans as a technical and integral part of high schools and colleges.

First Campus Papers

Whether the El Liliputiense (1890) of the University of Santo Tomas or the College Folio (1910 – now, Philippine Collegian) was the first campus paper is still under dispute among historians especially between the group of Jesus Valenzuela (History of the Journalism in the Philippines Islands 1933 and John Lent (Philippine Mass Communication 1964) and the group of Oscar Manalo, Narcizo Matienzo and Virgilio Monteloyola (Ang Pamahayagan 1985). 

Least contenders for the first campus paper in the Philippines are The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas (which was obviously published two years after El Liliputiense). 

Whatever came first, the oldest officially recorded student publication in the Philippines is still The Coconut by Manila High School (now Araullo High School) published in mimeographed student paper in School Year 1911-1912. 

After 11 years La Union High School published the first printed and regularly issued student publication in the country, The La Union Tab (1923). After the publication of this campus paper, pioneer papers came out one after the other.

Among the first campus papers are the following:
The Pampangan (1925)	Pampangan High School
The Leytean (1925)	Leyte High School
The Rizalian (1926)	Rizal High School
The Coconut (1927)	Tayabas High School
The Volcano (1927)	Batangas High School
The Toil (1928)	La Union Trade School
The Samarinian (1928)	Samar High School
The Melting Pot (1929)	Tarlac High School
The Granary (1929)	Nueva Ecija High School
The Torres Torch (1930)	Torres High School (Manila)
The Cagayan Student Chronicler (1930)	Cagayan High School

By 1931 high schools in the Philippines reached a considerable number, 106. Since then, high schools felt the necessity of putting up their own school papers and paper organization though no memoranda or circulars were issued.

Only 30 schools registered their school papers in the Bureau of Public Schools. By 1950, it became 169, by 1954, 253, by 1975, 500 and by 1986 (the rebirth of freedom), it became more than 900 secondary school publications in Filipino and English. 

Circular Letter no. 34 s. 1925 was the first noted regulation to support school papers in the country by standardizing it. It was issued by the Bureau of Education (which became Department of Education, Culture and Sports and now, Department of Education). The Circular Letter was signed by the then Director Luther B. Bewley. 

Standardization of school papers gave rise to requirements. Basically, there were three.

The requirements were as follows:

A capable teacher available to supervise carefully all the steps for the paper’s production;

Sufficient finances to prevent compulsion in seeking subscriptions and to prevent financial embarrassment to the faculty, and;

A printer and a print-er having equipments to produce creditable paper be available.

The Circular also tried to discourage publications with undesirable contents and materials, poor printing and faulty English. 

On October 22, 1945, Acting Executive Officer of the Department of Instruction and Information, John H. McBride sent a circular to all division superintendents quoting provisions from the Service Manual to make sure of the following:

School papers should chiefly contain articles concerning school activities;

School papers should be free from advertisements;

School papers should be free from advertisements;

School papers should be free from questionable jokes;

School papers should be free from questionable cartoons;

School papers should be free from worthless poetry;

School papers should be free from worthless prose;

School papers should bear contents that are written solely through students’ efforts (unless it were written by a staff or a faculty member, and;

The assistance of a teacher must only be limited to criticisms.

Letterpress Printing

Let’s say, for example, that a reporter fished an event. He submits the news he gathered to the page editor who will assess the importance of the news. The page editor, then, prepares the news for print. The copy goes to the copy reader who edits it, designs the headline and writes the guideline on a separate sheet of paper.

The copy, as well as other articles, is submitted to the publication office for record purposes and then, submitted to the composing room. The composing room is where the linotype man sets the story. He arranges the slugs in the galley for galley proofs to be corrected by the staff’s proofreader. Be there any correction marked by the proofreader, the linotype man sets again.

The compositor assembles the slugs and the headlines in chase form according to the dummy sheet. The pages are proofread after which the linotype man sets the correction once more. If there are no more errors, the pages are okayed and sent to the press room. The paper is put to bed and the printing begins.

Journalism: How Newspapers Are Printed, A Procedure

In order to have texts to put pen to paper in a newspaper, there should be news. News can be first-hand or second hand. First-hand stories are those which were personally or exclusively covered by the reporter or the newspaper. Second-hand stories are those which were relayed from sources reliable and allegedly reliable. Second-hand stories may come from eyewitnesses or announcements from other organizations (police report, press conference, etc.).

Reporters would find it hard to cover immediate stories outside the country unless overseas correspondents are established there. This calls for the newspaper to get news from agencies like Associated Press (AP), Agence France Press (AFP), Philippines News Service (PNS), Reuters (BNA: British News Agency) or United Press International (UPI). These organizations automatically send information and news through electronic automatic text wiring to those newspaper companies subscribed to their service.

From the sources, the city editor, who writes the printer’s direction or guidelines and instructions to the compositor on the kinds of headlines to be used, gets his hand on the copy.

The copyreader or deskman edits the copy and writes the headlines and guidelines on a separate sheet of paper. The copy is brought to the composing room where the linotype man sets the story.

The lines of types or slugs are assembled by the compositor in a long metal tray called galley. When the galley is full, a few impressions or proofs called galley proofs are taken on a small proof press.

A proofreader carefully study and mark the errors (typographical, grammatical, logical, etc.) that may have been made. The proofreader uses a language that the compositor understands and guided by marked proofs, the compositor corrects the type.

After this, another galley proof may be pulled and sent to the writer or editor for any further changes. Now the type is arranged into pages. The compositor transfers the proper number of lines to make up a page proof from the galley to a hollow rectangular frame called chase. The proofreader edits the page using proofreading symbols. Then a lock up man locks the pages of types securely in the chase with wooden or metal blocks called furniture and with metal wedges called quoins. Printing begins.

In letterpress printing, the impression is transferred from the flat chase to the paper. Cylinder press is how the type of printing press used is called. The printing form is held in a flat bed. The bed itself moves forward under a turning impression cylinder to print a sheet of paper. After then, it moves back to get a fresh coat of ink.

Meanwhile, the rotating impression cylinder discharges the printed sheets and picks up a blank paper. Individual sheets pass through the press, not continuous rolls.

If many copies are to be made at a very fast rate, the rotary press is used. Here, printing is done by leaving the print impression from a printing plate formed into a complete cylinder of metal to paper. The rotary may have one or more sets of rotating cylinders.

The plate cylinder holds the electrotype or stereotypes plates while the impression cylinder provides the pressure. The paper passes between the two and may be in the form of sheets or rolls. The rotary press can produce 30000 or more impressions in an hour with a continuous rolls passing through it. The cylinders are so arranged that they may print on both sides of the paper.

A new method of printing is called offset printing which has become popular. It has several advantages over the rotary press and the cylinder press especially on printing with colors. This printing is made through a process in which the inked impression is first made on a rubber-covered roller then transferred to the paper.

Printing of the first edition must start at a fixed time called deadline so that the papers may be printed and dispatched in time to reach various destinations in the morning.

Except for big schools that print many thousand copies every issue, and should therefore, use the rotary or the offset printing, the printing of papers is less complicated and they only resort to letterpress printing.

Introduction to Journalism for Education Students by Ms. Kat Cortez

JOURNALISM

(from the Latin “diurna” which means “daily”. In ancient Rome, bulletins were compiled and posted in public places and these were called Acta Diurna which meant “Daily Events”)

As defined by Webster, it is the occupation of writing for publication in newspapers and other periodicals.

According to Merriam-Webster, it is the collection and editing of news for presentation through the media.   

Scope of Journalism (3 Areas)

1. Written includes periodicals such as newspapers, brochures, journals and magazines
2. Oral includes radio
3. Visual includes television, movies, documentaries and internet

HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM

A. High School

• The Coconut: a mimeographed student paper published in the school year 1911-1912 by the first Manila High School now known as Araullo High School under the editorship of Carlos P. Romulo.
• The Torres Torch: Torres High School (1930) 
• Mapazette: Mapa High School and The Chronicler: Arellano High School (1940)

*** Although the first school paper in city schools of Manila was published in School Year 1911-1912, formal classroom instruction in high school journalism began only in 1952 when Mrs. Sarah England, an American teacher of Mapa High School experimented with the teaching of Journalism.

B. Universities 

• College Folio: published by the University of the Philippines in October 1910, it printed the works of the first promising writers in English. 
• The Torch: introduced by the Philippine Normal School in 1913 as its official publication. 
• The Literary Apprentice: literary organ organized by the UP Writers Club in 1927, it became the most prestigious college literary publication in the country. 
• The Varsitarian: UST’s publication which was also started in 1927.

THE CAMPUS PAPER

The campus paper is a publication, either mimeographed or printed, put out by staff members whose names appear in the masthead or editorial box.

Functions of the Campus Paper 

A. (according to Harold Spears and C.H. Lawshe Jr.)

1.   Aid to students

Campus papers develop students’ powers of observation and discrimination concerning relative merits of news articles. They also serve as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing. Most of all, campus papers provide training in organization, business methods and management.

2.   Aid to the school and community

Campus papers publish news and thus inform the community on the work of the school. They also help in the creation and expression of school opinion and provide an outlet for student suggestions for the betterment of the school.

B. (other functions)

1.       Information Function

2.       Opinion Function

3.       Education Function

4.       Watchdog Function

5.       Laboratory Function

6.       Documentation Function

7.       Entertainment Function

8.       Developmental Function 

STUDENTS PRESS ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

The right to publish news is not expressly granted by law, but is found in the general liberty of the people.

Section 1, Article III of the 1935 Constitution (repeated in the 1987 Constitution) states thus:

“No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.”

*** The provision prevents censorship or the imposition of previous restraint upon a publication. The reporter or publisher, however, may be held liable for printing or publishing any of the following:

ü  Those injurious to the reputation or privacy of persons;

ü  Those injurious to the public order and national security;

ü  Those injurious to public morals; and

ü  Those injurious to the integrity and efficiency of public bodies such as the Congress or the courts.

*** Restraints on publications may be classified on the basis of the branch of law affected:

ü  Criminal law: libel, obscenity, inciting to sedition (rebellion), unlawful publication of official papers

ü  Civil law: libel, breach of privacy, violation of copyright, unfair competition

ü  Administrative law: concerning postal law, mailing privileges, customs regulations, advertising rules

Campus Paper Ethics

A school paper, like all newspapers, should observe accuracy, fairness and good taste in reporting events.

• No story based on rumor, unattributed opinion or gossip should be published.
• Obscenity should be absolutely taboo for the school paper.
• Stories concerning the morale of individuals should be avoided.
• Words which show bias in the handling of news stories or other stories concerning race, color, religious beliefs, or class should be avoided.
• No innocent person/s should be needlessly involved in questionable or unpleasant incidents, or exposed to ridicule.
• A school paper should not, as a rule, print pictures which offend the sensibility of the general run of the readers.

Common ethical problems student media face:

• Conflict of interest: Examples include interviewing friends; only interviewing one grade or those with a specific point of view; "getting even" with those who might have wronged you; doing anything that might compromise objectivity in the reporting of the truth. 
• Plagiarism: Claiming others' work as one's own, essentially stealing from them. Students must credit other people's materials and ideas, including those published in newspapers, magazines and books. This includes "borrowing" or downloading visuals from the Internet to use without permission with stories. 
• Anonymous sources: Although many reporters use anonymous sources, there are rules about when to use them. A reporter has to determine the information's value and whether is it possible to get it any other way. She also has to determine whether she needs to protect the source from harm from being an identified source. A comment about the cafeteria's food should not be permitted to remain anonymous, for example, but a revelation about suffering child abuse may be. 
• ü Offending or distasteful content: Although it is impossible to run any story without offending, insulting or displeasing someone, student journalists must strive to keep the press open and accessible to a wide range of views without stooping to gratuitous offense. While some use of "dirty" language might be necessary, journalists have to decide if there is another way to present the information or if the presentation will be so offensive it will preclude readers from getting the information. 
• Invasion of privacy: While this is often a legal issue, it is also an ethical one. Student - and professional - reporters must consider the consequences of publishing the outstanding news value photo or naming someone in an article. 
• Bias: Human beings cannot be purely objective. The mere selection of one story over another raises the issue of value judgments. Those who create content must attempt to be as fair and impartial as is possible. Every issue has more than one side, and all sides should be represented as much as possible. Student journalists trying to be objective should not avoid exploration, experimentation and variety in the press. 
• Commitment to accuracy: Little undermines integrity and, therefore, effectiveness of the media more than carelessness (or deceit) leading to inaccuracy in the press. Not publishing information is almost always better than publishing inaccurate information. The rush to be first, prized today and available to anyone now with the Internet, is no justification for not checking out data, information and sources.